Bioecology and Management of Major Insect Pests of Rice in West Bengal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55446/IJE.2023.1349Keywords:
Oryza sativa, State Domestic Product (SDP), West Bengal Biotic Stresses, Sustainable Management, E 3 Strategy, Chemical, Pests, Status, Cultural, Biopesticides, Biological Resistant Variety, Pheromones, Population Based Control.Abstract
West Bengal is considered a large producer state of rice in India with an output of nearly 55.48% of total crop production of Bengal. In West Bengal, rice has grown in three different cropping seasons such as Aus (autumn rice), Aman (winter rice) and Boro (summer rice), contributing about 20.69% to the total net State Domestic Product (SDP). Rice production in West Bengal hampered by many biotic stresses mostly by stem borers [Scirphophaga incertulas (Walker, 1863), Sesamia inference (Walker, 1856), Chilo polychrysus (Meyrick, 1932), Chilo suppressalis (Meyrick, 1863)] leaf folder [Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee, 1854)], plant hoppers [Nilaparvata lugens(Stal, 1854), Sogatella furcifera (Horvath, 1899)], leaf hoppers [Nephotettix virescens (Distant, 1908), Nephotettix nigropictus (Stal, 1870)], rice hispa [Dicladispa armigera (Olivier, 1808)], rice bugs [Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg, 1783), Leptocorisa oratorius (Fabricius, 1794), Brevennia rehi (Lindinger, 1943)], gall midge [Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason, 1889)], etc. Demographic parameter has shown that rice pests are greatly affecting rice host either caused directly by creating dead heart (DH), hopperburn, onion leaf, silver shoot during different stages of harvesting or by indirectly transmitting grassy stunt virus (RGSV), rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV), rice tungro viruses (RTV), rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) etc. resulting 9.5% production loss. For minimize the infestation farmers use different rice varieties which provide resistance effect in pest population. For controlling rice pest population farmers mostly use chemical insecticide [e.g. fipronil, acephate, fipronil, monocrotophos] which exhibit good results against rice pests. Beside those other techniques including using biological and biochemical pesticides [neem oil, karanj oil, mahua oil, conidial suspension of M. anisopliae], pheromones [(Z)-11-hexadecinal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal], allomones [5:1 mixture of 2-(E)-octenyl acetate and octanol 3-octenal], cultutal methods [synchronized planting, using of trap crop etc.] are effective for controlling rice pests. The population ecology based sustainable management of such pest species will support E3 strategy [Ecosystem service-based ecological engineering for ecological pest management (ESS-EE-EPM)] of pest management for successful cultivation of rice in the near future.
Downloads
Metrics
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Achiri T D, Atakan E, Pehlivan S. 2020. Susceptibility of Chilo partellus Swinhoe, 1885 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to some commonly used insecticides. Turkish Journal of Entomology 44(2): 135-147. https:// doi.org/10.16970/entoted.609195.
Adak S, Datta S, Bhattacharya S, Ghose T K, Majumder A L. 2020. Diversity analysis of selected rice landraces from West Bengal and their linked molecular markers for salinity tolerance. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 26: 669-682.
Adhikari B, Bag M K, Bhowmick M K, Kundu C. 2012. Rice in West Bengal-rice knowledge management portal (www.rkmp.co.in). Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. pp. 1-88.
Adhikari B, Mohapatra L N, Senapati R, Mohapatra M, Muduli L, Mohapatra S D. 2022. Biochemical changes in rice leaves due to rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenee) infestation. The Pharma Innovation SP11(8).1463-1468.
Adhikari B, Padhi J, Sthitapragyan S. 2019. Efficacy of new molecules against green leafhopper in rice. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 7(2): 194-197.
Aktar M W, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A. 2009. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology 2(1): 1-12.
Al-Haddad, A S, mezel AL-Rubaei H, Dewan M M. 2018. Life cycle of rice Mealybug Brevennia rehi(Lindinger, 1943) in cultivars rice plants under the laboratory conditions. Plant Archives. 18 (1): 847-851.
Arora S, Sehgal M, Srivastava D S, Arora S, Sarkar S K. 2019. Rice pest management with reduced risk pesticides in India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191(241): 1-20.
Aryal J P, Jat M L, Sapkota T B, Chhetri A K, Kassie M, Rahut D B, Maharjan S. 2018. Adoption of multiple climate smart agricultural practices in the Gangetic plains of Bihar, India. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10(3): 407-427.
Asghar M, Suhail A, Afzal M, Khan M A. 2009. Determination of economics threshold levels for the stem borers (Scirpophaga sp.) and leaffolder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis) of rice (Oryza sativa) in the kallar tract of Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 11: 717-720.
Ayelo P M, Pirk C W, Yusuf A A, Chailleux A, Mohamed S A, Deletre E. 2021. Exploring the kairomone-based foraging behaviour of natural enemies to enhance biological control: A review. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9: 1-22.
Azgar M A, Hembram K T. 2018. A comparative studies on the population dynamic and survival of green leaf hopper and zigzag leaf hopper transmitting rice tungro virus in West Bengal. The Bioscane 13(2): 607-611.
Babamir-Satehi A, Habibpour B, Aghdam H R, Hemmati S A. 2022. Interaction between feeding efficiency and digestive physiology of the pink stem borer, Sesamia creticaLederer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and biochemical compounds of different sugarcane cultivars. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 16(3-4): 309-316.
Bag M, Adhikari B, Bhowmick M, Kundu C. 2011. Status paper on rice in West Bengal. Rice Research Station, Chinsura. Government of West Bengal, West Bengal. pp. 1-89.
Bais B, Kumar A, Khan H H, Sahu R, Kaiwart P K. 2017. Efficacy of certain chemical insecticides against rice gundhi bug (Leptocorisa acutaThunberg) under field condition. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6(9): 1697-1701.
Baladhiya H C, Sisodiya D B, Pathan N P. 2018. A review on pink stem borer, Sesamia inferensWalker: a threat to cereals. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 6(3): 1235-1239.
Bhatt N, Joshi S, Tiwari S N. 2018. Pests of rice. In: Omkar (eds) Pests and their management, Springer, Singapore, pp. 9-50. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-981-10-8687-8_2.
Bhattacharjee P P, Ray C D. 2017. Effect of season on the development of rice hispa, Dicladispa armigerain Barak Valley of Assam. Tropical Ecology 58(1): 199-203.
Biswas T K, Rahman M A, Khan M M H, Alam M M, Jahan M. 2006. Toxic effects of two insecticides on brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens and its predators Micraspis discolor and Lycosa pseudoannulata. International Journal of Zoological Research 2: 192-203.
Bottrell D G, Schoenly K G. 2012. Resurrecting the ghost of green revolutions past: the brown planthopper as a recurring threat to high-yielding rice production in tropical Asia. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 15(1): 122-140.
Breidenbach B, Brenzinger K, Brandt F B, Blaser M B, Conrad R. 2017. The effect of crop rotation between wetland rice and upland maize on the microbial communities associated with roots. Plant and Soil 419: 435-445.
Bunawan H, Dusik L, Bunawan S N, Amin N M. 2014. Rice tungro disease: from identification to disease control. World Applied Sciences Journal 31(6): 1221-1226.
Carvalho F P. 2017. Pesticides, environment, and food safety. Food and Energy Security 6(2): 48-60.
Catindig J L A, Arida G S, Baehaki S E, Bentur J S, Cuong L Q, Norowi M, Rattanakarn W, Sriratanasak W, Xia J, Lu Z, Heong K L. 2009. Situation of planthoppers in Asia. In (eds): Planthoppers: new threats to the sustainability of intensive rice production systems in Asia. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. pp. 191-220.
Chakraborty K. 2012. Effective management of Scirpophaga incertulas Walker on rice crop during kharif season in West Bengal, India. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science 12(9): 1176-1184.
Chakraborty K, Deb D C. 2012. Incidence of rice Hispa, Dicladispa armigera(Coleoptera: Crysomellidae) on kharif paddy in the agroclimatic conditions of the northern parts of Bengal, India. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Biological Sciences 12(8): 52-61.
Chatterjee S D, Adhikari B, Ghosh A, Ahmed J, Neogi S B, Pandey N. 2008. The rice bio-diversity in West Bengal. Department of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal. pp. 1-50.
Chatterjee S, Gangopadhyay C, Dana I, Roy S K, Mondal P. 2021. Host plant resistance against yellow stem borer and rice leaf folder through varietal screening of rice. Plants and Environment 3(1): 23-29.
Chavan S M, Patel K G. 2018a. Biochemical basis of resistance in rice varieties against yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas. Indian Journal of Entomology 80(3): 1074-1079.
Chávez J P, Jungmann D, Siegmund S. 2018. A comparative study of integrated pest management strategies based on impulsive control. Journal of Biological Dynamics Journal of Biological Dynamics 12(1): 318-341.
Chen P, Dai C, Liu H, Hou M. 2022. Identification of key headspace volatile compounds signaling preference for rice over corn in adult females of the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 70(32): 9826-9833.
Chen S, Liu S, Zheng X, Yin M, Chu G, Xu C, Yan J, Chen L, Wang D, Zhang X. 2018. Effect of various crop rotations on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy-upland systems in south-eastern China. The Crop Journal 6(6): 576-588.
Cork A, De Souza K, Krishnaiah K, Reddy A A, Zainullabuddin S.1998. Season-long control of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by mating disruption with the natural ratio of pheromone components. Bulletin of Entomological Research 88(2): 109-116.
Dang C H, Nguyen C H, Im C, Nguyen T D. 2016. Synthesis and Application of Pheromones for Integrated Pest Management in Vietnam. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Environmentally Sound Pest Management 5: 103-127.
Dey N, Biswas S, Ray Chaudhury T, Dey S R, De M, Ghose T K. 2005. RAPD based genetic diversity analysis of aromatic rice (O. sativa L.). Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology 6: 133-142. Dey S R. 2016. Green Leafhopper (GLH), Nephotettix virescens(Distant) and Rice Tungro Disease (RTD). The Beats of Natural Sciences 3(3-4): 1-7.
Dhaliwal G S, Jindal V, Dhawan A K. 2010. Insect pest problems and crop losses: Changing trends. Indian Journal of Ecology 37(1): 1-7. Dougoud J, Toepfer S, Bateman M, Jenner W H. 2019. Efficacy of homemade botanical insecticides based on traditional knowledge. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 39(37): 1-22.
Dutta B C, Hazarika L K. 1994. Screening of some rice cultivars for resistance to rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera(Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Agricultural Science Societies 7(1): 31-34.
Dutta S, Roy N. 2016. Life table and population dynamics of a major pest, Leptocorisa acuta(Thunb.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), on rice and non-rice system. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience 4(1): 199-207.
Dutta S, Hossain A, Roy N. 2020. Population Ecology and Economic Thresholds for Sustainable Management of Leptocorisa acuta (Thunb.) on Three Rice Cultivars. Annals of Entomology 38(01-02): 55-76.
Dutta S, Hossain A, Roy N. 2021. Rice cultivar selection against Leptocorisa acuta(thunb.) and their economic thresholds based ecological management. Journal of Entomological Research 45 (3): 405-414.
Dutta S, Roy N. 2018a. Host preference and population dynamics of a major pest, Leptocorisa acuta(Thunb.) for their ecological management. International Journal of Biological Research 3: 31-39.
Dutta S, Roy N. 2018b. Population dynamics and host preference of a major pest, Scirpophaga incertulasWalker (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). International Journal of Advanced Science and Research 3: 120-127.
Dutta S, and Roy N. 2022. Review on bionomics and management of rice stem borer. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 10(5): 301-310.
Gangwar RK. 2015. Life cycle and abundance of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenee)-A review. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 5 (15): 103-105.
Gao X, Guo C, Li M, Li R, Wu X, Hu A, Hu X, Mo F, Wu S. 2020. Physicochemical properties and bioactivity of a new guar gum-based film incorporated with citral to brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Molecules 25(9): 1-15.
Ge L Q, Huang B, Jiang Y P, Gu H T, Xia T, Yang G Q, Liu F, Wu J C. 2017. Carboxylesterase precursor (EST-1) mediated the fungicide jinggangmycin-suppressed reproduction of Sogatella furcifera(Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 110(5): 2199-2206.
Ghosh A, Bandyopadhyay P, Mondal D, Shamurailatpam D, Karmakar A, Ghosh RK. 2015. Estimation of losses due to pests in rapeseed (Brassica campestris). In Weed Science for Sustainable Agriculture, Environment, and Biodiversity. (Eds. Rao A.N. and Yaduraju N.T.), Proceedings of 25th Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. India. 571 pp.
Ghule S D, Patel K G, Pandya H V. 2008. Seasonal incidence of rice earhead bug (Leptocorisa acuta) of paddy in south Gujarat. Insect Environment 14(1): 7-8.
Gunawardena N E, Bandumathie M K.1993. Defensive secretion of rice bug, Leptocorisa oratorius fabricius, (Hemiptera: Coreidae): A unique chemical combination and its toxic, repellent, and alarm properties. Journal of Chemical Ecology 19(4): 851-861.
Gunawardena N E, Ranatunga R P. 1989. Laboratory and field studies of a natural attractant of the rice pest, Leptocorisa acuta(Hemiptera: Coreidae). Tropical Pest Management 35(2): 210-211.
Gupta K, Kolhekar S, Paikra M, Nidhi. 2019. Cost benefit ratio for the management of rice gundhi bug, Leptocorisa acuta (Thonberg) under field condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2: 219-221.
Hajjar M J, Ahmed N, Alhudaib K A, Ullah H, 2023. Integrated Insect Pest Management Techniques for Rice. Sustainability 15(5): 4499. Harborne J B. 1973. Methods of Plant Analysis. Phytochemical Methods 1: 1-32.
Havelka J, Zemek R. 1999. Life table parameters and oviposition dynamics of various populations of the predacious gall-midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 91(3): 483-486.
Huang X, Jiang T, Wu Z, Zhang W, Xiao H. 2020. Overwintering parasitism is positively associated with population density in diapausing larvae of Chilo suppressalis. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 19(3): 785-792.
Huang Y, Jiang C, Liu C, Liu H, Yang Q, Wang H, Zeng W, Ouyang J, Xu K, Li Q. 2019. Overall evaluation of resistance capability of different rice varieties to Sogatella furcifera(Hemiptera: Delphacidae) using radar charts. Euphytica 215(58): 1-15.
Hurali S, Biradar R, Vinoda H M, Masthanareddy B G, Gowdar S B. 2020. Bio-efficacy of new formulation of carbofuran against major insect pests of rice Oryza sativaL. International Journal of Chemical Studies 8(1): 1030-1035.
Iqbal M F, Farooq M, Ahmad M, Latif M, Ahmad Z, Ali M A. 2015. Incidence of Rice Hispa (Dicladispa armigera) on paddy crop in Agro-Ecological Zone of District Sialkot. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences 2(9): 64-66.
January B, Rwegasira G M, Tefera, T. 2020. Rice stem borer species in Tanzania: a review. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology 81(1): 36.
Jeevanandham N, Ramiah N, Chockalingam V, Jegadeesan R. 2020. An Overview of the Bionomics, Host Plant Resistance and Molecular Perspectives of Sesamia inferensWalker in Cereals and Millets. Agronomy 10(1705): 1-18.
Jha S K., Monobrullah M, Singh P K, Prasad R. 2023. Performance of aromatic rice varieties against yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas. Indian Journal of Entomology pp. 1-3.
Jian X, Qin L, Chuan-ming L, Guang-jie H. 2019. Field effect of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis granulo virus (CnmeGV) on the pest of rice leaffolder. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 18(9): 2115-2122.
Kakde A M, Patel K G. 2018. Screening of rice varieties against earhead bug, Leptocorisa acuta stal. (Hemiptera: Coreidae). International Journal of Agriculture Sciences 10: 5223-5226.
Kakde A M, Patel K G, Tayade S. 2014. Role of life table in insect pest management-a review. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 7(1): 40-43.
Katti G, Padmavathi C, Kumar R M. 2023. Integrated pest management in rice-based cropping systems in India. In integrated pest management in diverse cropping systems. Apple Academic Press. pp. 111-135.
Kaur R, Suri K S, Singh G. 2015. Influence of rice varieties on behaviour and reproductive physiology of Sogatella furciferaHorvath. Agricultural Research Journal 52(2):143-147.
Keary M. 2023. A green theory of technological change: Ecologism and the case for technological scepticism. Contemporary Political Theory, 22(1): 70-93.
Khalifa A A A A, El-Rewainy IM. (2012) Study some physiological characters, yield and yield component for five new rice varieties under different sowing dates. Advances in Applied Science Research 3(1): 440-445.
Khare V K, Prakash R. 2020. Effect of abiotic factors on the population dynamics of paddy earhead bug, Leptocorisa oratoriusF. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 8(6): 157-160.
Khatiwada J R, Ghimire S, Khatiwada S P, Paudel B, Bischof R, Jiang J, Haugaaseng T. 2016. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment frogs as potential biological control agents in the rice fields of Chitwan, Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 230: 307-314.
Kumar G S, Sarada O. 2020. Evaluation of Cow Based Fermented Organic Products for Non-insecticidal Pest Management in Castor. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9(10): 292-300.
Kumar H. 2019. Resistance in rice against Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Homoptera: Delphacidae) and White backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera(Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae): Role of new sources of resistance, BPH populations and screening methodology. Journal Biological Series 2(1): 001-026.
Kumar J, Ramlal A, Mallick D, Mishra V. 2021. An overview of some biopesticides and their importance in plant protection for commercial acceptance. Plants 10(1185): 1-15.
Kumar L V, Patil S U, Chakravarthy A K. 2012. Biochemical basis of resistance in rice against Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Current Biotica 6(2): 163-170.
Kumari S, Yadav M, Prasad R, Prasad R, Kumar U. 2020. Effect of chemical insecticides on the incidence of gall midge (Orseolia oryzaeWood mason) in terms of silver shoots (SS%). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 8(6): 781-785.
Kunal G, Kumar R, Das R, Golda S. 2020. Life cycle of gundhi bug Leptocorisa oratoriousF on alternate host Echinochloa colonum L under laboratory condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 9(1): 543-546.
Liu B, Syu K J, Zhang Y X, Gupta S, Shen Y J, Chien W J, Tseng J C, Lou D W. 2020. Practical Synthesis and Field Application of the Synthetic Sex Pheromone of Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Chemistry 2020: 1-9.
Longkumer I Y, Misra A K. 2020. Efficacy of essential oils against rice insect pest in Pusa, Bihar. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8(3): 1980-1983.
Luo D, Xia F, He M, Wu S, Zhao X, Liao X. 2023. Sublethal effects of the cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide cycloxaprid on the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera(Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Crop Protection 166(2023): 106172.
Luo G H, Yao J, Yang Q, Zhang Z C, Hoffmann A A, Fang JC. 2016. Variability in development of the striped rice borer, Chilo suppressalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), due to instar number and last instar duration. Scientific Reports 6(1): 1-7.
Mandal K G, Thakur A K, Mohanty R K, Mishra A, Sinha S, Biswas B. 2022. Policy perspectives on agricultural water management and associated technologies suitable for different agro-climatic zones of West Bengal, India. Current Science. 122(4): 386.
Manikandan N, Kennedy J S, Geethalakshmi V. 2015. Effect of temperature on life history parameters of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugensStal). African Journal of Agricultural Research 10(38): 3678-3685.
Matharu K S, Tanwar P S. 2020. Efficacy of different insecticides against brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) in rice. International Journal of Chemical Studies 8(3): 870-873.
Mathur K C, Rajamani S. 1984. Orseoliaand rice: cecidogenous interactions. Proceedings: Animal Sciences 93(4): 283-292.
Mobarak S H, Roy N, Barik A. 2020. Two-sex life table and feeding dynamics of Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on three green gram cultivars. Bulletin of Entomological Research 110(2): 219-230.
Minab F, Rakhshani E, Talamas E J, Moghaddam M G. 2023. A checklist of Platygastridae and Scelionidae (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea) of Iran. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 9(2): 343-383.
Morya G P, Kumar R. 2019. Screening of rice germplasm resistance against major insect pests under eastern Uttar Pradesh conditions. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 7(6): 706-712.
Nacro S, Heinrichs E A, Dakouo D. 1996. Estimation of rice yield losses due to the African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivoraHarris and Gagne. International Journal of Pest Management 42(4): 331-334.
Nathan S S, Kalaivani K, Murugan K, Chung P G. 2005. Efficacy of neem limonoids on Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) the rice leaffolder. Crop Protection 24(8): 760-763.
Ogah E O, Nwilene F E. 2017. Incidence of Insect Pests on Rice in Nigeria: A Review. Journal of Entomology 14: 58-72.
Ouattara D, Nacro S, Latévi K, Coulibaly A, Somda I.2020. Ecology of the African Rice Gall Midge, Orseolia oryzivora(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Western Burkina Faso, West Africa. Advances in Entomology 8: 1-14.
Padhan S, Raghuraman M. 2018. Bio-Efficacy of newer insecticides against Rice Gundhi Bug, Leptocorisa acuta(Thunberg) in Varanasi region. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(3): 2068-2071.
Padmavathi C, Katti G, Padmakumari A P, Voleti S R, Subba Rao L V. 2012. The effect of leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) injury on the plant physiology and yield loss in rice. Journal of Applied Entomology 137(4): 249-256.
Padmavathi C, Katti G, Padmakumari P A, and Pasalu I C. 2008. Mortality and fertility life tables of leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalisGuenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in rice. Entomon 33(1): 1-13.
Pathak M D, Khan Z R. 1994. Insect pests of rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. pp. 1-89.
Pedigo L P, Higley L G. 1992. A new perspective of the economic injury level concept and environmental quality. American Entomologist 38: 12-21.
Pedigo L P, Hutchins S H, Higley L G.1986. Economic injury levels in theory and practice. Annual Review of Entomology 31: 341-368.
Purnima D, Hazarika L K, Bora D, Puzari K C, Surajit K. 2013. Influence of storage conditions on viability and infectivity of talc based WP formulation of Beauveria bassianaagainst rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Olivier). Journal of Biological Control 27(3): 229-233.
Rahaman C R, Arko P S, Ali M E, Khan M A I, Apon S H, Nowrin F, Wasif A. 2020. Identification and recognition of rice diseases and pests using convolutional neural networks. Biosystems Engineering 194: 112-120.
Rahaman M M, Islam K, Jahan M, Mamun M. 2014. Relative abundance of stem borer species and natural enemies in rice ecosystem at Madhupur, Tangail, Bangladesh. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 12(2): 267-272.
Raj R S, Muthukrishnan N, Sathiah N, Prabakar K. 2020. Baseline susceptibility of different population of whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furciferafrom rice growing areas of Tamil Nadu, India to imidacloprid 17.8% S L. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 8(5): 1894-1898.
Rath P C. Bose, L K Subudhi, H. N. Lenka, S. and Jambhulkar, N. N. (2020a) Biodiversity of insect pests of rice in India. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 8(1): 2998-3002.
Rath P C, Bose L K, Subudhi H, Lenka S, Jambhulkar N N. 2020b. Biodiversity of Pests of Rice in Odisha. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 9 (3): 566-569.
Raveau R, Fontaine J, Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui A. 2020. Essential oils as potential alternative biocontrol products against plant pathogens and weeds: A review. Foods 9(3): 1-31.
Reji G, Chander S. 2008. A degree-day simulation model for the population dynamics of the rice bug, Leptocorisa acuta(Thunb.). Journal of Applied Entomology 132(8): 646-653.
Rothschild G H L. 1970. Observations on the ecology of the rice-ear bug Leptocorisa oratorius(F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo). Journal of Applied Ecology 7(1): 147-394.
Roy N. 2017. Life table and nutritional ecology of Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Fab. (Colioptera: Coccinellidae) on three host plants. International Journal of Horticulture 7(2): 7-19.
Roy N. 2019a. Jute leaf physicochemical cues mediated behavioural responses of Diacrisia casignetumKollar. Agricultural Research 8: 287-296.
Roy N. 2019b. Life table and economic threshold concept for ecologically sustainable management of Diacrisia casignetum Kollar (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on jute. Entomon 44(2): 103-110.
Roy N. 2020. Population ecology and ETs based time series for climate smart pest management of Spilosoma obliquaWalker. Entomon 45(1): 15-30.
Roy N. 2021. Population dynamics and economic thresholds based time series for smart pest management of sesame. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 41: 2573-2584.
Roy N. 2022. Population ecology and economic thresholds-based time series for climate smart pest management of Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on three sesame cultivars. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology 83(1): 1-13.
Sabale J P, Das C, Samui R P. 2010. Influence of weather factors on light trap catches of green leaf hopper at Pattambi, Kerala. Journal of Agrometeorology 12(1): 108-110.
Sanchit S M, Sanchit S. 2019. Studies on host plant resistance against rice ear head bug, Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg, Master Degree theses, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India. 996 pp.
Sankar S S H, Rani RPO. 2018. Pathogenicity and field efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium saksenaeKushwaha, Kurihara and Sukarno in the management of rice bug, Leptocorisa acutaThunberg. Journal of Biological Control 32(4): 230-238.
Sarao P S, Bentur J S. 2018. Quantification of antibiosis levels in nine different rice genotypes against Nilaparvata lugens(Homoptera: Delphacidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38(4), 330-339.
Sarkar S K, Patra B C, Jana K, Ghosh K. 2016. Impact of different herbicides and their combinations on production economics of winter rice in West Bengal. Indian Journal of Weed Science 48(4): 442-444.
Schoonhoven L M, Van Loon J J A, Dicke M. 2005. Insect-plant biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Seleiman M F, Al-Suhaibani N, Ali N, Akmal M, Alotaibi M, Refay Y, Dindaroglu T, Abdul-Wajid, H H, Battaglia M L. 2021. Drought stress impacts on plants and different approaches to alleviate its adverse effects. Plants 10(2): 1-25.
Selvaraj K, Chander S, Sujithra M. 2012. Determination of multiple-species economic injury levels for rice insect pests. Crop Protection 32: 150-160.
Sharma R, Sharma P. 2021. Fungal entomopathogens: a systematic review. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 31: 1-13.
Shitiri A, Jamir I T, Neog P. 2014. Effect of cultivars and botanicals on the incidence of major insect pests in lowland rice. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 5(1): 58-63.
Shivasharanappa Y, Pradeep S, Kumar M A A, Venkatesh H, Siddalingappa R. 2010. Biology of sugarcane internode borer, Chilo sacchariphagus indicus(Kapur). Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(1): 140-141.
Shyamrao I D, Raghuraman M. 2019. Bio-efficacy of insecticides against yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulasWalker) in rice (O. sativaL.) ecosystem of Varanasi region. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8(2): 301-304.
Song X Y, Peng Y X, Wang L X, Ye W N, Pei X G, Zhang Y C, Zhang S, Gao CF, Wu SF. 2022. Monitoring, cross-resistance, inheritance, and fitness costs of brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens, resistance to pymetrozine in China. Pest Management Science 78(10): 3980-3987.
Suzuki Y, Sogawa K, Seino Y. 1996. Ovicidal Reaction of Rice Plants against the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furclfera Horvath (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 31(1): 111-118.
Tandon V, Srivastava A. 2019. Studies on life cycle of white stem borer, Scirpophaga fuscifluaHampson under Mid Hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Oryza 56(1): 33-37.
Thein HW, Yamagata Y, Van Mai T, Yasui H. 2019. Four resistance alleles derived from Oryza longistaminata(A. Chev. & Roehrich) against green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps(Uhler) identified using novel introgression lines. Breeding Science 69(4): 573-584.
Tigga V, Kumar A, Sahu S P, Khan H H, Naz H. 2018. Assessment of the efficacy of certain chemical insecticides against rice gundhi bug, Leptocorisa acuta(Thun.) in Naini, Allahabad region. International Journal of Chemical Studies 6(1): 959-961.
Win S S, Muhamad R, Ahmad Z, Adam N. 2011. Life Table and Population Parameters of Nilaparvata lugensStal. (Homoptera: Delphacidae) on Rice. Tropical Life Sciences Research 22: 25-35.
Win S S, Muhamad R, Ahmad Z A M, Adam N A. 2009. Life table and population parameter of Sogatella furcifera(Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) on rice. Journal of Biological Sciences 9: 904-908.
Xu J, Wang X, Han C, Jiang Y, Zhong W, Liu B. 2022. Trait-based comparison of transgenic Bt rice and its non-Bt counterpart in response to soil copper pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29: 2773-2782.
Yuan P L, Wang J P, Can G U O, Guo Z Y, Yao G U O, Cao C G. 2022. Sustainability of the rice–crayfish farming model in waterlogged land: A case study in Qianjiang County, Hubei Province, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 21(4): 1203-1214.
Zhao X, Li C, Xu J, Zhang X, Xiong H, Huang Q, Cao S. 2019. Field-scale evaluation on the efficacy of a novel benzoylphenylurea TXH09 against chewing insect pests harming vegetables and rice. Crop Protection 126: 1-6.
